1170
First recorded evidence of Cheddar cheese as King Henry II purchases 10240 lbs.
1516
William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopts the Reinheitsgebot purity law, which is still in use in the 21st century. It states that the only permitted ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt.
![Libro de cocina [1631]](media/chocolate.jpg)
1585
First recorded shipment of chocolate to Europe - a commercial shipment of cacao beans which lands in Seville.
1605
First references to puff pastry made by placing butter between layers of rolled out dough.
1662
British Royal Society sponsors the cultivation of potatoes.
1682
French mathematician and inventor Denis Papin invents the steam digester to extract gelatin by intensely cooking animal bones. Over centuries the ingredient would become hugely popular in meat dishes, salads and desserts, and is a common feature in recipes across this resource.
1688
Pierre Perignon starts using corks held in place with wire to seal bottles of champagne. The material had been used for thousands of years as a bottle stopper.
1701
Improved seed drill is designed by Jethro Tull. It makes planting seeds in a field much easier.
1719
Potatoes are introduced in North America.
1730
Rotherham plough is patented by Joseph Foljambe. It's the first to be widely built in factories and commercially successful.
1767
Carbonated water is invented accidentally by Joseph Priestley. He described the "peculiar satisfaction" he felt when drinking it.
1809
Nicolas Appert invents airtight food preservation. During the Napoleonic Wars, the French government offered 12 000 francs as award to any inventor who could find a cheap and effective way of preserving large amounds of food . Appert used glass vessels.
1810
Patent for preserving food in tin cans granted to Peter Durand. Durand was the first to use tin cans for preservation.
1835
Hiriam Moore built and patented the first combine harvester. This resource contains a range of documents relating to developments in farming and agricultural industrialisation across the world, including key collections from The British Library, The National Archives and London School of Economics and Political Science.
![Culinary ephemera: stoves [3], 1880-1962](media/gas.jpg)
1836
Gas stove patented by James Sharp in Northampton, England. Sharp opened a gas stove factory in 1836.
1840 - 1849
Concept of afternoon tea introduced by Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford. Evening meals were being served later and the Duchess found that a light meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes in the afternoon was an ideal refreshment.
1841
Hand-pollination of vanilla discovered. Discovered by Edmond Albius, a 12 year old slave on Réunion.
1842
First grain elevator invented by Joseph Dart and Robert Dunbar in Buffalo, New York. Grain elevators allow the stockpiling or storing of grain.
1843
Hand-cranked ice cream freezer patented by Nancy M Johnson.
1843
First modern version of baking powder discovered and manufactured by Alfred Bird of Bird and Sons Ltd.
1847
First solid chocolate bar is produced by Fry's. The Chocolate Cream became the first mass-produced chocolate bar in 1866. This resource includes the Records of J S Fry and Sons from 1870-1950, sourced from Bristol Archives.
1850
Corn picker invented.
1858
Mason jars patented. Named after John Landis Mason, the inventor.
1858
Can opener first patented. Designed by Ezra Warner, an American inventor. The design was used by the U.S. military during the American Civil War.
1864
Pasteurisation discovered as Louis Pasteur demonstrates role of microbes in food spoilage. Mandatory pasteurisation would be introduced in 1910 in N.Y.C.
1869
Oleomargarine invented. Its inventor, Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès, won a prize offered by Napoleon III for a butter substitute suitable for use by the armed forces and lower classes.
1869
Stove-top waffle iron patented. The earliest waffle irons date from as early as the 14th century.
1870
Milking machines begin to appear (approximate date).
1879
The Boston Cooking School is founded as the first school in the United States devoted to the cooking of food. In this resource the documents within the Education and Cooking Schools theme make it possible to trace the development of food education through centuries.
1885
First commercial combine harvester.
![[Culinary ephemera: stoves - electric], 1917-1954](media/dishwasher.jpg)
1887
Josephine Cochrane invents first "dishwasher". She would go on to found KitchenAid.
1889
The Savoy opens in London, the first luxury hotel in Britain. The Food and Cookery periodicals, published in this resource from The British Library, trace the history of culinary culture and the restaurant industry throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
![[Culinary ephemera: fruits, vegetables, and nuts 2]](media/melba.jpg)
1893
Escoffier invents the Peach Melba in honour of the Australian singer Nellie Melba. Four years later he would invent Melba toast.
1895
Kellogg's patents Corn Flakes.
1895
Le Cordon Bleu is founded as a culinary arts school.
1897
Machine-spun candy floss is invented by dentist William Morrison and confectioner John C. Wharton.
1898
Ritz Paris opens.
1903
Escoffier publishes Le Guide culinaire. The Adventures in Gastronomy series of radio programmes from the University of Michigan gives background to Escoffier and other key figures.
1903
First patents for the tea bag.
1904
Ice cream cones sold at the St Louis World's Fair when an ice cream vendor runs out of paper cups and rolls waffles from a neighbouring vendor into cones to hold ice cream. Although origins of the cone are disputed, some hold this as the moment they became mainstream.
1906
The Ritz London is opened by Swiss hotelier Cesar Ritz, whose life and work is discussed in an episode of Adventures in Gastronomy.
1908
MSG is first prepared by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda.
1908
First electric stand mixer.
1909
First commercially successful electric toaster.
1913
Refrigerators for home use invented.
![Culinary menu: travel - air, [1960-1970]](media/plane.jpg)
1919
First food served on an airplane by Handley Page Transport on the London-Paris route.
1922
First blender invented by Stephen Poplawski.
1923
Frigidaire introduce first self-contained unit.
1925
Clarence Birdseye's General Seafood Corporation begins using the double belt freezer. Its patenting is seen as the beginning of the modern frozen food industry.
1926
First Michelin star ratings awarded. The 'Michelin Guide' episode of Adventures in Gastronomy offers background to the now revered ratings system.
1926
First vitamin isolated (B1).
1928
Commercial bread-slicing machine designed by Otto Rohwedder.
1937
SPAM developed as a way to sell more pork shoulder.
1940
McDonald's Corporation is founded.
1941
Recommended Daily Allowances introduced.
1946
First modern microwave oven sold.
1946
First televised cooking programme aired. It was called "Cookery" and aired on the BBC.
1950
Immersion (stick) blender patented by Roger Perrinjaquet of Switzerland.
1958
Instant noodles are invented by Momofuku Ando of Nissin Food Products.